Mumbai, formerly recognized as Bombay until 1995, stands as the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Serving as the de facto financial nucleus, it emerges as India’s most densely populated metropolis, boasting an estimated city proper populace of 12.5 million (1.25 crore). Beyond this, Mumbai holds centrality in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, a sprawling urban expanse ranking sixth globally in population, counting over 23 million (2.3 crore) inhabitants.

Nestled along the Konkan coast on the western fringes of India, Mumbai showcases a profound natural harbor. It achieved the status of an alpha world city in 2008, solidifying its standing on the global stage.

Historically, the seven islands constituting Mumbai were inhabited by Marathi-speaking Koli communities. Over time, this territory underwent a sequence of transitions, from indigenous rule to Portuguese dominion and subsequently to the East India Company in 1661. The Hornby Vellard project, initiated in 1782, marked a pivotal era, reclaiming land from the sea between the seven islands. This extensive reclamation, finalized in 1845, reshaped Mumbai into a pivotal seaport on the Arabian Sea, complemented by the establishment of key transportation arteries.

The 19th century saw Mumbai flourish economically and intellectually. Progress continued into the early 20th century, transforming the city into a bastion for the Indian independence movement. Post-1947, Mumbai was incorporated into Bombay State, and in 1960, with the advent of the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement, it emerged as the capital of the newly formed state of Maharashtra.

Mumbai asserts itself as India’s financial, commercial, and entertainment epicenter. Globally recognized as one of the top ten hubs for financial transactions, it contributes significantly to India’s GDP, accounting for 6.16%. Furthermore, Mumbai commands a substantial share in industrial output, maritime trade, and capital transactions for the nation’s economy. The city is home to influential financial institutions, corporate headquarters, and esteemed scientific and nuclear research establishments. It is a vibrant hub for both Bollywood and Marathi cinema industries, drawing migrants from across India seeking its diverse business prospects.